A Two House Legislature Is Referred to as What Kind of Congress

Legislature with two chambers

Bicameralism is a type of legislature, one divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote every bit a unmarried group. Equally of 2015^[update], about 40% of world's national legislatures are bicameral, and most threescore% are unicameral.^[ane]

Frequently, the members of the ii chambers are elected or selected by different methods, which vary from country to land. This tin often lead to the two chambers having very dissimilar compositions of members.

Enactment of primary legislation frequently requires a concurrent majority—the approving of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. When this is the case, the legislature may be called an case of perfect bicameralism. However, in many parliamentary and semi-presidential systems, the house to which the executive is responsible tin can overrule the other house and may exist regarded as an example of imperfect bicameralism. Some legislatures prevarication in between these 2 positions, with 1 house able to overrule the other only under certain circumstances.

History of bicameral legislatures [edit]

The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (in fact a misquotation of John Vivid, who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the British Parliament has been the model for near other parliamentary systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments.^[ii] The origins of British bicameralism can be traced to 1341, when the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. This Upper Chamber became known every bit the House of Lords from 1544 onward, and the Lower Sleeping room became known equally the House of Commons, collectively known as the Houses of Parliament.

Many nations with parliaments accept to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model. Most countries in Europe and the Democracy have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial head of land who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house, and (different Britain) a smaller upper house.^{[iii] [iv]}

The Founding Fathers of the United states of america also favoured a bicameral legislature. The idea was to take the Senate be wealthier and wiser. Benjamin Rush saw this though, and noted that "this blazon of dominion is well-nigh always connected with opulence". The Senate was created to be a stabilising force, non elected by mass electors, but selected by the Country legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more than deliberate—a sort of republican dignity—and a counter to what James Madison saw equally the "fickleness and passion" that could absorb the House.^[5]

He noted further that "The utilise of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more than organisation and with more wisdom, than the popular branch." Madison's statement led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, and caution were accounted especially important.^[five] State legislators chose the Senate, and senators had to possess pregnant property to exist deemed worthy and sensible plenty for the position. In 1913, the 17th Amendment passed, which mandated choosing Senators by popular vote rather than State legislatures.^[v]

As office of the Bang-up Compromise, the Founding Fathers invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate had an equal number of delegates per state, and the House had representatives by relative populations.

Rationale for bicameralism and criticism [edit]

A formidable sinister interest may always obtain the complete command of a dominant assembly past some take a chance and for a moment, and it is therefore of great use to take a second sleeping room of an opposite sort, differently composed, in which that interest in all likelihood will not rule.

—Walter Bagehot, "The English Constitution", in Norman St John-Stevas, ed., The Nerveless Works of Walter Bagehot, London, The Economist, vol. 5, pp. 273–274.

In that location have been a number of rationales put forrad in favour of bicameralism. Federal states have oft adopted it, and the solution remains popular when regional differences or sensitivities crave more explicit representation, with the second chamber representing the constituent states. Nevertheless, the older justification for 2d chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts near legislation—has survived.^{[ citation needed ]} For states considering a unlike constitutional arrangement that may shift power to new groupings, bicameralism could be demanded past currently hegemonic groups who would otherwise prevent any structural shift (e.g. military machine dictatorships, aristocracies).

The growing awareness of the complexity of the notion of representation and the multi-functional nature of modern legislatures may be affording incipient new rationales for 2d chambers, though these do generally remain contested institutions in ways that outset chambers are non. An example of political controversy regarding a second chamber has been the argue over the powers of the Senate of Canada or the election of the Senate of France.^[half-dozen]

The relationship betwixt the two chambers varies: in some cases, they accept equal power, while in others, ane chamber is clearly superior in its powers. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments. The second tends to be the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems. At that place are two streams of thought: critics believe bicameralism makes meaningful political reforms more hard to achieve and increases the adventure of gridlock—particularly in cases where both chambers have similar powers—while proponents argue the merits of the "checks and balances" provided by the bicameral model, which they believe aid preclude ill-considered legislation.

Communication between houses [edit]

Formal communication betwixt houses is by various methods, including:^[7]

Sending messages

Formal notices, such as of resolutions or the passing of bills, ordinarily done in writing, via the clerk and speaker of each house.

Transmission

of bills or amendment to bills requiring agreement from the other firm.

Joint session

a plenary session of both houses at the same time and place.

Joint committees

which may be formed by committees of each house agreeing to join, or by joint resolution of each house. The United States Congress has conference committees to resolve discrepancies between House and Senate versions of a bill, similar to "Conferences" in Westminster parliaments.

Conferences

Conferences of the Houses of the English language (later British) Parliament met in the Painted Chamber of the Palace of Westminster.^[viii] Historically there were two distinct types: "ordinary" and "gratis". The British Parliament concluding held an ordinary conference in 1860—its elaborate process yielding to the simpler sending of letters. A free conference resolves a dispute through "managers" meeting less formally in private. The concluding free conference at Westminster was in 1836 on an amendment to the Municipal Corporations Human activity 1835;^[ix] the previous one had been in 1740—with not much more success than ordinary conferences, the gratis type yielded to the greater transparency of messages.^[10] In the Parliament of Australia there take been two formal conferences, in 1930 and 1931, just many informal conferences.^{[7] [11]} As of 2007^[update] the "Conference of Managers" remains the usual procedure for dispute resolution in the Parliament of S Australia.^[12] In the Parliament of New Due south Wales in 2011, the Legislative Assembly requested a free conference with the Legislative Quango over a bill on graffiti; later a year the Council refused, describing the mechanism as primitive and inappropriate.^[11] The two houses of the Parliament of Canada accept also used conferences, but not since 1947 (although they retain the option).

Examples of bicameralism at the national level [edit]

Federal [edit]

Some countries, such as Argentina, Commonwealth of australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russian federation, Switzerland, and the United states, link their bicameral systems to their federal political construction.

In the Usa, Australia, United mexican states, Brazil and Nepal for case, each state or province is given the same number of seats in i of the houses of the legislature, despite variance between the populations of united states of america or provinces. This is intended to ensure that smaller states are not overshadowed past larger states, which may have more than representation in the other house of the legislature.

Canada [edit]

Canada'due south elected lower house, the House of Eatables, comprises Members of Parliament (MPs) from single-member "ridings" based mainly on population (updated every x years using Census data). The Commons is democratically elected every four years (constitutionally up to five years). In dissimilarity, in Canada'south upper house, Senators are appointed to serve until age 75 by the Governor General on the communication of the Prime number Minister.

The Government (i.e. executive) is responsible to and must maintain the confidence of the elected House of Eatables. Although the two chambers formally have many of the same powers, this accountability clearly makes the Commons dominant—determining which political party is in power, approving its proposed budget and (largely) the laws enacted. The Senate primarily acts as a chamber of revision: it near never rejects bills passed by the Eatables merely does regularly amend them; such amendments respect each bill's purpose, so they are usually acceptable to the Commons. Occasionally, the ii houses cannot come to an agreement on an amendment, which results in rare instances of a primal Government bill failing.^{[ commendation needed ]} The Senate'due south power to investigate issues of concern to Canada can raise their contour (sometimes sharply) on voters' political agendas.

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

The bicameral Parliament of Commonwealth of australia consists of 2 Houses: the lower house is chosen the House of Representatives and the upper business firm is named the Senate. Every bit of 31 August 2017^[13], the lower house has 151 members, each elected from single-member constituencies, known as electoral divisions (ordinarily referred to equally "electorates" or "seats") using total-preference instant-runoff voting. This tends to lead to the sleeping accommodation beingness dominated by two major groups, the Liberal/National Coalition and the Labor Party. The government of the day must achieve the conviction of this House to gain and hold power.

The upper house, the Senate, is also popularly elected, under the single transferable vote system of proportional representation. At that place are a total of 76 senators: 12 senators are elected from each of the 6 Australian states (regardless of population) and 2 from each of the 2 democratic internal territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). This makes the total number 76, i.e. half dozen×12 + 2×ii.

Different upper houses in virtually Westminster parliamentary systems, the Australian Senate is vested with significant power, including the capacity to block legislation initiated by the regime in the House of Representatives, making it a distinctive hybrid of British Westminster bicameralism and U.s.-style bicameralism. Equally a event of proportional representation, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party or coalition, which must maintain the confidence of the lower house, rarely has a bulk in the Senate and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and Independents to get legislation passed.^[14]

Others [edit]

In German language, Indian, and Pakistani systems, the upper houses (the Bundesrat, the Rajya Sabha, and the Senate respectively) are even more closely linked with the federal organisation, beingness appointed or elected directly by the governments or legislatures of each German language or Indian land, or Pakistani province. This was too the case in the Us before the Seventeenth Amendment was adopted. Because of this coupling to the executive co-operative, German legal doctrine does not treat the Bundesrat equally the 2d bedroom of a bicameral system formally. Rather, information technology sees the Bundesrat and the Bundestag as independent ramble bodies. Only the straight elected Bundestag is considered the parliament.^[fifteen] In the German Bundesrat, the diverse Länder have between iii and six votes; thus, while the less populated states take a lower weight, they still have a stronger voting power than would be the case in a system based proportionately on population, equally the most populous Land currently has almost 27 times the population of the to the lowest degree populous. The Indian upper business firm does not have united states represented equally, but on the basis of their population.

There is besides bicameralism in countries that are not federations, but take upper houses with representation on a territorial basis. For example, in Southward Africa, the National Council of Provinces (and earlier 1997, the Senate) has its members chosen by each province's legislature.

In Kingdom of spain, the Senate functions as a de facto territorially based upper firm, and there has been some pressure from the Democratic Communities to reform information technology into a strictly territorial chamber.

The Eu maintains a somewhat close to bicameral legislative system consisting of the European Parliament, which is elected in elections on the footing of universal suffrage, and the Council of the European Matrimony, which consists of 1 representative for each government of member countries, who are competent for a relevant field of legislation. Though the European Wedlock has a highly unusual character in terms of legislature, ane could say that the closest point of equivalency lies within bicameral legislatures.^[16] The European Matrimony is considered neither a land nor a land, but it enjoys the power to address national Governments in many areas.

Aristocratic and post-aristocratic [edit]

In a few countries, bicameralism involves the juxtaposition of democratic and aristocratic elements.

Business firm of Lords of the United kingdom [edit]

The House of Lords bedchamber

The all-time known example is the British House of Lords, which includes a number of hereditary peers. The House of Lords is a vestige of the aristocratic organization that once predominated in British politics, while the other house, the House of Commons, is entirely elected. Over the years, some have proposed reforms to the House of Lords, some of which accept been at least partly successful. The Firm of Lords Act 1999 limited the number of hereditary peers (every bit opposed to life peers, appointed past the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister) to 92, downward from effectually 700. Of these 92, ane is the Earl Align, a hereditary part ever held by the Knuckles of Norfolk, one is the Lord Great Chamberlain, a hereditary office held past turns, currently past the Marquess of Cholmondeley, and the other 90 are elected by all sitting peers. Hereditary peers elected past the Firm to sit equally representative peers sit for life; when a representative peer dies, at that place is a by-election to fill the vacancy. The power of the Business firm of Lords to cake legislation is curtailed by the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. Peers tin introduce bills except Money Bills, and all legislation must be passed by both Houses of Parliament. If non passed within two sessions, the House of Commons can override the Lords′ delay by invoking the Parliament Deed. Sure legislation, however, must exist canonical by both Houses without being forced by the Commons under the Parliament Deed. These include any bill that would extend the time length of a Parliament, private bills, bills sent to the Business firm of Lords less than ane month earlier the stop of a session, and bills that originated in the House of Lords.

Life Peers are appointed either by recommendation of the Appointment Commission (the independent torso that vets non-partisan peers, typically from academia, business organisation or culture) or by Dissolution Honours, which accept place at the end of every Parliamentary term when leaving MPs may be offered a seat to go along their institutional retentiveness. It is traditional to offer a peerage to every outgoing Speaker of the Firm of Commons.^[17]

Farther reform of the Lords has been proposed; however, no proposed reforms have been able to achieve public consensus or government support. Members of the Firm of Lords all have an aloof title, or are from the Clergy. 26 Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England sit every bit Lords Spiritual (the Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Durham, the Bishop of Winchester and the next 21 longest-serving Bishops). It is usual that retiring Archbishops, and sure other Bishops, are appointed to the Crossbenches and given a life peerage.

Until 2009, 12 Lords of Entreatment in Ordinary sat in the Firm as the highest courtroom in the land; they later on became justices of the newly created Supreme Court of the Britain. As of 16 Feb 2021, 803 people sit in the House of Lords, with 92 Hereditary Peers, 26 Lords Spiritual and 685 Life Peers. Membership is not fixed and decreases simply on the death, retirement or resignation of a peer.

Nihon's old House of Peers [edit]

Some other case of aristocratic bicameralism was the Japanese Business firm of Peers, abolished afterward World War II and replaced with the present House of Councillors.

Unitary states [edit]

Some bicameral legislatures take chambers that come across in different buildings, at unlike parts of the city. Here, France's upper house called the Senate run into in the Luxembourg Palace (tiptop), while the lower house, the National Associates, meets at the Palais Bourbon (bottom).

Many unitary states like Italy, France, the Netherlands, the Philippines, the Czechia, the Commonwealth of Ireland and Romania have bicameral systems. In countries such equally these, the upper house mostly focuses on scrutinizing and possibly vetoing the decisions of the lower house.

Italian Parliament [edit]

On the other hand, in Italy the Parliament consists of two chambers that have the same function and power: the Senate (Senate of the Republic, commonly considered the upper firm) and the Sleeping room of Deputies (considered the lower house). The main deviation among the 2 chambers is the mode the 2 chambers are composed: the deputies, in fact, are elected on a nationwide basis, whilst the members of the Senate are elected on a regional ground: this may lead to different majorities among the two chambers because, for example, a party may be the first nationally but 2nd or third in some regions. Considering that in the Italia the Government needs to win confidence votes in both the chambers, it may happen that a Government has a strong majority (normally) in the Sleeping room of Deputies and a weak one (or no majority at all) in the Senate. This has led sometimes to legislative deadlocks, and has caused instability in the Italian Regime.^{[18] [19] [twenty]}

Indirectly elected Upper Houses (France, Republic of ireland, Netherlands) [edit]

In some of these countries, the upper house is indirectly elected. Members of France's Senate and Ireland's Seanad Éireann are chosen by balloter colleges. In Ireland, it consists of members of the lower house, local councillors, the Taoiseach, and graduates of selected universities, while the Netherlands' Senate is chosen by members of provincial assemblies (who, in plow, are directly elected).

Semi-bicameral (Hong Kong, Northern Ireland; earlier in Norway, the Netherlands) [edit]

In Hong Kong, members of the unicameral Legislative Council returned from the democratically-elected geographical constituencies and partially democratic functional constituencies are required to vote separately since 1998 on motions, bills or amendments to government bills not introduced by the regime. The passage of these motions, bills or amendments to regime motions or bills requires double majority in both groups simultaneously. (Before 2004, when elections to the Legislative Council from the Election Committee was abolished, members returned through the Election Committee vote with members returned from geographical constituencies.) The double bulk requirement does not utilize to motions, bills and amendments introduced by the government.

Some other like situation are cross-community votes in Northern Ireland when the petition of concern procedure is invoked.

Kingdom of norway had a kind of semi-bicameral legislature with two chambers, or departments, within the same elected torso, the Storting. These were called the Odelsting and were abolished afterwards the general election of 2009. Co-ordinate to Morten Søberg, at that place was a related system in the 1798 constitution of the Batavian Republic.^[21]

Examples of bicameralism in subnational entities [edit]

In some countries with federal systems, individual states (similar those of the United states, Argentina, Australia and Republic of india) may also have bicameral legislatures. A few such states as Nebraska in the U.Due south., Queensland in Australia, Bavaria in Germany, and Tucumán and Córdoba in Argentine republic have after adopted unicameral systems. (Brazilian states and Canadian provinces all abolished upper houses).

Argentina [edit]

In the Argentine Democracy, eight provinces have bicameral legislatures, with a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies: Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis (since 1987) and Santa Fe. Tucumán and Córdoba changed to unicameral systems in 1990 and 2001 respectively.^[22] Santiago del Estero changed to a bicameral legislature in 1884, but inverse back to a unicameral organisation in 1903.

Australia [edit]

When the Australian states were founded equally British colonies in the 19th century, they each had a bicameral Parliament. The lower house was traditionally elected based on the ane-vote-one-value principle, with universal male suffrage, later expanded to women, whereas the upper business firm was either appointed on the communication of the government or elected, with a strong bias towards country voters and landowners. After Federation, these became the state Parliaments. In Queensland, the appointed upper house was abolished in 1922, while in New South Wales there were like attempts at abolition, before the upper business firm was reformed in the 1970s to provide for straight election.^[23]

Offset in the 1970s, Australian states began to reform their upper houses to introduce proportional representation in line with the Federal Senate. The commencement was the South Australian Legislative Council in 1973, which initially used a political party list system (replaced with STV in 1982),^[24] followed past the Single Transferable Vote being introduced for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1978,^[25] the Western Australian Legislative Council in 1987^[26] and the Victorian Legislative Quango in 2003.^[27]

Present, the upper business firm both federally and in most states is elected using proportional representation while the lower house uses Instant-runoff voting in single member electorates. This is reversed in the state of Tasmania, where proportional representation is used for the lower business firm and unmarried member electorates for the upper house.^[28]

Bosnia and Herzegovina [edit]

The Legislature of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 of the 2 entities of Republic of bosnia and herzegovina, is a bicameral legislative body. It consists of two chambers. The Business firm of Representatives has 98 delegates, elected for iv-year terms by proportional representation. The House of Peoples has 58 members, 17 delegates from among each of the constituent peoples of the Federation, and 7 delegates from among the other peoples.^[29] Republika Srpska, the other entity, has a unicameral parliament, known as the National Assembly,^[30] just at that place is also a Council of Peoples who is de facto other business firm of legislative.^[31]

Frg [edit]

The German federal land of Bavaria had a bicameral legislature from 1946 to 1999, when the Senate was abolished by a referendum amending the state's constitution. The other 15 states have used a unicameral system since their founding.

India [edit]

Of the 28 states and 8 Union Territories of India, only 6 states that is Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh – have bicameral legislatures, while the rest all have unicameral legislatures. The lower houses are chosen Legislative Assemblies, and their members are elected past universal adult suffrage from unmarried-member constituencies in state elections, which are normally held every 5 years chosen Vidhana Sabha. In the six states with bicameral legislatures, the upper business firm is chosen the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) or Vidhana Parishat, one-third of whose members are elected every two years. Members of Legislative Council are elected in various ways:

• One-3rd are elected by the members of local bodies in the state such as municipalities, gram panchayats, block development councils and district councils.
• One-third are elected by the members of the land'due south Legislative Assembly from amongst persons who are non members of the State Legislative Assembly.
• One-sixth are nominated by the governor of the state from amongst persons having noesis or practical experience in fields such equally literature, science, arts, the co-operative movement and social service.
• Ane-twelfth are elected from special constituencies by persons who are college graduates of three years' standing residing in those constituencies.
• Ane-twelfth are elected by persons engaged for at least three years in teaching in educational institutions within the state not lower than secondary schools, including colleges and universities.^[32]

From 1956 to 1958 the Andhra Pradesh Legislature was unicameral. In 1958, when the State Legislative Council was formed, it became bicameral until i June 1985 when it was abolished. This continued until March 2007 when the State Legislative Council was reestablished and elections were held for its seats. In Tamil Nadu, a resolution was passed on fourteen May 1986 and the state'southward Legislative Quango was dissolved on 1 November 1986. Again on 12 Apr 2010, a resolution was passed to reestablish the council, merely was ultimately unsuccessful. Similarly, u.s.a. of Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and West Bengal take also dissolved the upper houses of their country legislatures.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Russia [edit]

In the Soviet Spousal relationship, regional and local Soviets were unicameral. After the adoption of the 1993 Russian Constitution, bicameralism was introduced in some regions. Bicameral regional legislatures are still technically allowed by federal law but this clause is dormant now. The terminal region to switch from bicameralism to unicameralism was Sverdlovsk Oblast in 2012.

United States [edit]

During the 1930s, the Legislature of the State of Nebraska was reduced from bicameral to unicameral with the 43 members that once comprised that state'south Senate. 1 of the arguments used to sell the idea at the time to Nebraska voters was that past adopting a unicameral organisation, the perceived evils of the "briefing commission" process would be eliminated.

A briefing commission is appointed when the two chambers cannot concord on the aforementioned wording of a proposal, and consists of a modest number of legislators from each chamber. This tends to identify much power in the hands of but a modest number of legislators. Any legislation, if any, the conference committee finalizes is presented in an unamendable "take-it-or-get out-it" mode by both chambers.

During his term as governor of the Land of Minnesota, Jesse Ventura proposed converting the Minnesotan legislature to a unmarried chamber with proportional representation, as a reform that he felt would solve many legislative difficulties and impinge upon legislative corruption. In his volume on political problems, Do I Stand up Alone?, Ventura argued that bicameral legislatures for provincial and local areas were excessive and unnecessary, and discussed unicameralism as a reform that could address many legislative and budgetary problems for states.

Reform [edit]

Arab political reform [edit]

A 2005 study^[33] on autonomous reform in the Arab world by the U.S. Quango on Foreign Relations co-sponsored past old Secretary of State Madeleine Albright urged Arab states to adopt bicameralism, with upper chambers appointed on a 'specialized basis'. The Council claimed that this would protect against the 'Tyranny of the majority', expressing concerns that without a system of checks and balances extremists would employ the single bedroom parliaments to restrict the rights of minority groups.

In 2002, Bahrain adopted a bicameral organization with an elected lower chamber and an appointed upper firm. This led to a cold-shoulder of parliamentary elections that yr by the Al Wefaq party, who said that the government would use the upper house to veto their plans. Many secular critics of bicameralism were won effectually to its benefits in 2005, afterwards many MPs in the lower house voted for the introduction of so-called morality police.

Romania [edit]

A referendum on introducing a unicameral Parliament instead of the electric current bicameral Parliament was held in Romania on 22 November 2009. The turnout rate was fifty.95%, with 77.78% of "Aye" votes for a unicameral Parliament.^[34] This referendum had a consultative part, thus requiring a parliamentary initiative and another referendum to ratify the new proposed changes.

Cote d'ivoire [edit]

A referendum on a new constitution was held on 30 October 2016. The constitution draft would create a bicameral Parliament instead of the current unicameral. The Senate is expected to correspond the interests of territorial collectivities and Ivoirians living abroad. Ii thirds of the Senate is to be elected at the same time as the general ballot. The remaining one third is appointed by the president elect.^[35]

Examples [edit]

Current [edit]

 Nations with a bicameral legislature.

 Nations with a unicameral legislature.

 Nations with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body.

 Nations with no legislature.

 No information.

Federal [edit]

State	Bicameral body		Notes
	Upper house	Lower house
Argentina	National Congress		Of the 20-three provincial legislatures, eight (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis, and Santa Fe) are bicameral, while the remaining fifteen and the legislature of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires are unicameral.
	Senate	Sleeping room of Deputies
Australia	Parliament		All of the country parliaments except Queensland's are also bicameral. The legislatures of the NT and the Human action are unicameral.
	Senate	House of Representatives
Republic of austria	Parliament		All of the Bundesländer have unicameral parliaments.
	Bundesrat (Federal Council)	Nationalrat (National Council)
Belgium	Federal Parliament		All of the community and regional parliaments are unicameral.
	Senate	Chamber of Representatives
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Parliamentary Assembly		The Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is also bicameral, while the National Assembly of Republika Srpska is unicameral.
	House of Peoples	House of Representatives
Brazil	National Congress		All of the 26 land legislatures and the Federal Commune legislature are unicameral.
	Senate	Bedroom of Deputies
Canada	Parliament		All of the provincial and territorial legislatures are unicameral.
	Senate	House of Eatables
Ethiopia	Federal Parliamentary Associates		Regional Councils are unicameral. Assemblypersons of the Regional Councils are elected directly.
	House of Federation	House of Peoples' Representatives
Germany	Northward/A		In Germany, the chambers form two distinct constitutional bodies not framed past a comprehensive establishment. German language jurisprudence doesn't recognise the Bundesrat every bit a parliament chamber, because it consists of members of the land governments. Although it must always be heard in the legislative process, it only has to give consent to bills in certain defined areas. All of the federal states (Länder) today have unicameral Landtage.
	Bundesrat (Federal Council)	Bundestag (Federal Nutrition)
India	Parliament		Six of the twenty-8 states too have bicameral legislatures, consisting of the upper house, the State Legislative Quango (Vidhan Parishad) and the lower house, the Land Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) respectively. The remaining twenty-2 states and the union territories of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry take unicameral legislatures.
	Rajya Sabha (Council of States)	Lok Sabha (House of the People)
Malaysia	Parliament		All the 13 State Legislative Assemblies are unicameral.
	Dewan Negara (Senate)	Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Mexico	Congress		All the 31 State Congresses and the Legislative Associates of the Federal Commune are unicameral.
	Senate	Bedroom of Deputies
Nepal	Parliament		All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral.[36]
	Rastriya Sabha (National Assembly)	Pratinidhi Sabha (House of Representatives)
Nigeria	National Assembly
	Senate	Business firm of Representatives
Islamic republic of pakistan	Parliament		All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral.
	Senate	National Associates
Russia	Federal Assembly		All the regional legislatures are now unicameral while bicameralism in regions is technically allowed past the Federation.
	Federation Council	State Duma
Somalia	Parliament
	Senate	House of The People
Switzerland	Federal Assembly		All of the cantons have unicameral parliaments.
	Quango of States	National Council
United States	Congress		All of the state legislatures, except Nebraska, are as well bicameral. The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico is bicameral. The Council of the District of Columbia is unicameral.
	Senate	House of Representatives

Unitary [edit]

Land	Bicameral trunk		Notes
	Upper house	Lower house
Afghanistan	National Assembly
	Meshrano Jirga (House of Elders)	Wolesi Jirga (Firm of the People)
People's democratic republic of algeria	Parliament
	Council of the Nation	People'southward National Associates
Antigua and Barbuda	Parliament
	Senate	Firm of Representatives
Bahamas	Parliament
	Senate	House of Associates
Bahrain	National Associates
	Consultative Council	Council of Representatives
Barbados	Parliament
	Senate	Business firm of Assembly
Belarus	National Assembly
	Council	House of Representatives
Belize	National Assembly
	Senate	House of Representatives
Bhutan	Parliament
	National Quango	National Assembly
Republic of bolivia	Plurinational Legislative Assembly
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Burundi	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Kingdom of cambodia	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Cameroon	Parliament
	Senate	National Associates
Primal African Republic	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Chile	National Congress
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Colombia	Congress
	Senate	Bedroom of Representatives
Czechia	Parliament
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
DR Congo	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Congo	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Dominican Democracy	Congress
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Equatorial guinea	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Eswatini	Parliament
	Senate	Firm of Assembly
French republic	Parliament in the 5th France		All Regional Councils are unicameral. The regional councillors are elected directly.
	Senate	National Assembly
Gabonese republic	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Grenada	Parliament
	Senate	Business firm of Representatives
Republic of haiti	Parliament
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Indonesia	People's Consultative Assembly		All of the provinces accept unicameral parliaments.
	Regional Representative Council	People's Representative Quango
Ireland	Oireachtas		A 2013 proposal to abolish the Seanad was defeated at plebiscite.
	Seanad Éireann (Senate of Ireland)	Dáil Éireann (Assembly of Ireland)
Italian republic	Parliament		Both houses possess the same powers. The executive is responsible to both houses. All of the regional councils are unicameral.
	Senate of the Republic	Chamber of Deputies
Republic of cote d'ivoire	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Jamaica	Parliament
	Senate	Business firm of Representatives
Japan	National Diet
	House of Councillors	House of Representatives
Jordan	Parliament
	Senate	Business firm of Representatives
Kazakhstan	Parliament
	Senate	Majilis (Associates of People)
Kenya	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Lesotho	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Liberia	Legislature
	Senate	House of Representatives
Madagascar	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Morocco	Parliament
	House of Councillors	Firm of Representatives
Myanmar	Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Associates of the Union)		All the fourteen State and Region Hluttaw (Assemblies) are unicameral.
	Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities)	Pyithu Hluttaw (Business firm of Representatives)
Namibia	Parliament
	National Quango	National Assembly
Netherlands	States General
	Eerste Kamer	Tweede Kamer
Oman	Parliament
	Majlis al-Dawla (Council of Country)	Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Assembly)
Palau	National Congress
	Senate	House of Delegates
Paraguay	Congress
	Senate	Bedchamber of Deputies
Philippines	Congress		The Bangsamoro Parliament of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and all Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Council), Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council), and Sangguiniang Bayan (Municipal Council) are unicameral.
	Senate	House of Representatives
Poland	National Assembly		All of the voivodeship sejmiks are unicameral.
	Senate	Sejm (Diet)
Romania	Parliament
	Senate	Sleeping room of Deputies
Rwanda	Parliament
	Senate	Bedroom of Deputies
Saint Lucia	Parliament
	Senate	House of Assembly
Slovenia	Parliament		In 2008, the Ramble Court of Slovenia recognized the Slovenian Parliament as incompletely bicameral.
	National Quango	National Assembly
Somaliland	Parliament		Each house has 82 members. The constitution of Somaliland does not clarify how members of the elders house are elected. But the members of the house of representative are elected one time every five years.
	House of Elders	Firm of Representatives
South Africa	Parliament		All of the provincial legislatures are unicameral.
	National Council of Provinces	National Assembly
Spain	Cortes Generales		A fixed number of 208 members of the Senate are elected past citizens, a variable number (currently 57) are appointed by the autonomous regions. Congress of Deputies can override a negative vote of the Senate on a bill with an absolute majority affirmative vote. Moreover, each Spanish democratic region has its own unicameral regional parliament, with wide-ranging legislative powers on their own.
	Senate	Congress of Deputies
Tajikistan	Supreme Associates
	National Assembly	Assembly of Representatives
Thailand	National Associates
	Senate	Firm of Representatives
Trinidad and Tobago	Parliament		The Tobago Business firm of Assembly in the isle of Tobago is unicameral.
	Senate	House of Representatives
Turkmenistan	National Council
	People's Council	Assembly
United Kingdom	Parliament		Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved unicameral legislatures, each with a varying range of powers.
	House of Lords	House of Eatables
Uruguay	General Associates
	Senate	Sleeping accommodation of Representatives
Uzbekistan	Oliy Majlis
	Senate	Legislative Chamber
Yemen	Parliament
	Shura Council	Firm of Representatives
Zimbabwe	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly of Zimbabwe

Historical [edit]

Denmark	Rigsdagen		Under the 1849 constitution Rigsdagen was created, with two houses, an upper and a lower firm. Even so, later the 1953 referendum, both Rigsdagen and the Landsting was abolished, making the Folketing the sole chamber of the parliament.
	Landsting (Upper business firm)	Folketing (Lower firm)
Greece	Parliament of the Hellenes		The Senate every bit an upper chamber was established by the Greek Constitution of 1844, of the Kingdom of Greece, and was abolished by the Greek Constitution of 1864. The Senate was reestabished by the republican Constitution of 1927, which establishing the Second Hellenic Commonwealth and was disestablished by the restoration of the Kingdom of Greece at 1935.
	Gerousia (Senate)	Vouli (Chamber of Deputies)
Korea, South	National Assembly		Nether the first constitution (first republic, 1948–52), the National Assembly was unicameral. The 2nd and third constitutions (first republic, 1952–60) regulated the National Assembly was bicameral and consisted of the House of Eatables and the Senate, but but the House of Commons was established and the House of Eatables could non pass a bill to plant the Senate. During the short-lived second commonwealth (1960–61), the National Associates became practically bicameral, but information technology was overturned by the May 16 coup. The National Assembly has been unicameral since its reopen in 1963.
	Senate	House of Commons
New Zealand	Parliament		Until 1950, the New Zealand Parliament was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1951, following the abolition of the Legislative Quango, leaving the House of Representatives as the sole parliamentary chamber.
	Legislative Council	House of Representatives
Peru	Congress		The 1979 Constitution, which marked the render to democracy, followed the trend of previous constitutions by retaining a bicameral legislature. However it was dissolved altogether by President Alberto Fujimori by his 1992 autocoup. Afterward, under the newer 1993 constitution, the bicameral arrangement was replaced by the unicameral Congress of the Democracy.
	Senate	Bedroom of Deputies
Portugal	Cortes		During the menstruum of Constitutional Monarchy, the Portuguese Parliament was bicameral. The lower house was the Bedchamber of Deputies and the upper firm was the Chamber of Peers (except during the 1838–1842 period, where a Senate existed instead). With the replacement of the Monarchy by the Republic in 1910, the Parliament continued to be bicameral with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate existing until 1926.
	Chamber of Peers	Chamber of Deputies
Soviet Union	Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Matrimony		The Congress of People'south Deputies superseded the Supreme Soviet. The Soviet of the Republics briefly succeeded the Soviet of Nationalities in tardily 1991.
	Soviet of Nationalities	Soviet of the Union
Sweden	Riksdagen		Until 1970, the Swedish Riksdag was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1971, but retained the name Riksdag.
	Första kammaren (Upper house)	Andra kammaren (Lower business firm)
Yugoslavia	Federal Assembly		Between 1974 and 1992.
	Bedroom of Republics	Federal Bedchamber
Turkey	Parliament		It was established with the Turkish constitution of 1961 and abolished with the Turkish constitution of 1982, although it did not exist between 1980 and 1982 either every bit a result of the 1980 coup d'état in Turkey.
	Senate of the Republic	National Assembly
Venezuela	Congress		Nether the 1999 constitution, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral National Associates of Venezuela.
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Fiji	Parliament		Original bicameral system suspended by 2006 insurrection. 2013 Constitution of Republic of the fiji islands abolished information technology and replaced it with a single sleeping accommodation Parliament.
	Senate	Firm of Representatives
Mauritania	Parliament		Under the 2017 Referendum, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral system.
	Senate	National Associates
Iran	Parliament		Between 1950 and 1979
	Senate	National Associates
Croatia	Parliament		Between 1990 and 2001
	Bedroom of Counties	Chamber of Representatives
Commonwealth of Vietnam	Parliament		Between 1955 and 1975
	Senate	National Associates
Czechoslovakia	National Assembly		Between 1920 and 1939
	Senate	Sleeping room of Deputies
	Federal Associates		Under the Ramble Act on the Czechoslovak Federation, the Federal Assembly replaced the unicameral National Assembly in 1969. Its ii constituent republics, the Czech (Socialist) Republic and the Slovak (Socialist) Republic, had unicameral legislatures (Czech National Council and Slovak National Council). When Czechoslovakia was dissolved at the start of 1993, the Federal Assembly was disbanded. The Czech Republic established their upper house, the Senate, in December 1992.
	Chamber of Nations	Bedchamber of People

See also [edit]

• List of abolished upper houses
• Tricameralism

References [edit]

1. ^ "IPU PARLINE database: Structure of parliaments". world wide web.ipu.org . Retrieved 25 October 2015.
2. ^ Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003). Reforming parliamentary democracy. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. ISBN9780773525085.
3. ^ Julian Go (2007). "A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000". In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.). Constitutionalism and political reconstruction. Brill. pp. 92–94. ISBN978-9004151741.
4. ^ "How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World". University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
5. ^ ^{a b c} "The Ramble Groundwork – Firm of Representatives archives". Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
6. ^ (in French) Liberation.fr, Sénat, le triomphe de l'anomalie
7. ^ ^{a b} "Chapter 21: Relations with the House of Representatives". Odgers' Australian Senate Practice (14th ed.). Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
8. ^ Jones, Clyve (2014). "Adaptation in the Painted Chamber for Conferences between the Lords and the Eatables from 1600 to 1834". Parliamentary History. 33 (2): 342–357. doi:ten.1111/1750-0206.12100. ISSN 0264-2824.
9. ^ Blayden 2017 p.vi; "Free Conference—Municipal Corporations' Act Subpoena (, )". Hansard. eleven August 1836. HC Deb vol 35 cc1125–7. Retrieved xix Feb 2018.
10. ^ Blayden 2017 p.half dozen; "Managers for the Gratis Briefing, on the Nib to forbid Commerce with Spain". Business firm of Lords Periodical. British History Online. 22–24 April 1740. Book 25, pp.518–526. Retrieved nineteen Feb 2018.
11. ^ ^{a b} Blayden, Lynsey (September 2017). "Do gratis conferences have a place in the present-day NSW Parliament?" (PDF). Australasian Study of Parliament Group. Retrieved xix Feb 2018.
12. ^ Crump, Rick (Spring 2007). "Why the conference procedure remains the preferred method for resolving disputes between the ii houses of the South Australian Parliament". Australasian Parliamentary Review. 22 (two): 120–136. CiteSeerXten.1.1.611.7131.
13. ^ "Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives". aec.gov.au. 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
14. ^ "Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate". 1999. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
15. ^ According to the Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfGE 37, 363, Aktenzeichen 2 BvF two, 3/73
16. ^ European union Politics, John McCormick, 3rd Edition
17. ^ How practise you lot become a Member of the House of Lords? – Uk Parliament. Parliament.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland (21 Apr 2010). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2019. Retrieved x September 2019. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
19. ^ http://www.carlofusaro.it/in_english/Bicameralism_in_ITA_2013.pdf^{[ blank URL PDF ]}
20. ^ "Italian constitutional reforms: Towards a stable and efficient government". ConstitutionNet.
21. ^ "Minerva". Minerva.
22. ^ Malamud, Andrés and Martín Costanzo (2010) "Bicameralismo subnacional: el caso argentino en perspectiva comparada". In: Igor Vivero Ávila (ed.), Democracia y reformas políticas en México y América Latina (pp. 219–246). United mexican states: Chiliad. A. Porrúa.
23. ^ "Australia's Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
24. ^ Dunstan, Don (1981). Felicia: The political memoirs of Don Dunstan. Griffin Press Limited. pp. 214–215. ISBN0-333-33815-4.
25. ^ "Role and History of the Legislative Assembly". Parliament of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 23 Apr 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
26. ^ Electoral Reform expected to alter rest of power, The Australian, 11 June 1987, p.5
27. ^ Constitution (Parliamentary Reform) Human action 2003
28. ^ Griffith, Gareth; Srinivasan, Sharath (2001). State Upper Houses in Australia (PDF). New S Wales Parliamentary Library Service.
29. ^ Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
30. ^ "About National Assembly – NSRS". www.narodnaskupstinars.net. 28 January 2015.
31. ^ "Home page". vijecenarodars.net (in Serbian).
32. ^ Article 171, Clause 3 of the Constitution of India(1950)
33. ^ "2005 report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on v July 2008.
34. ^ Referendum turnout 50.95%. 77.78 said Aye for a unicameral Parliament, 88.84% voted for the decrease in the number of Parliamentarians Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Official results from the Romanian Fundamental Balloter Commission
35. ^ "Innovations of the Typhoon Constitution of Cote d'Ivoire: Towards hyper-presidentialism?". ConstitutionNet.
36. ^ "Constitution of Nepal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 Dec 2015. Retrieved eighteen Feb 2016.

Farther reading [edit]

• Aroney, Nicholas (2008). "Iv Reasons for an Upper House: Representative Democracy, Public Deliberation, Legislative Outputs and Executive Accountability". Adelaide Law Review. 29 . Retrieved 21 February 2021.

External links [edit]

• Noncontemporaneous Lawmaking: Can the 110th Senate Enact a Bill Passed past the 109th Business firm?, 16 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Politico'y 331 (2007).
• Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl, Against Mix-and-Match Lawmaking, 16 Cornell J.50. & Pub. Pol'y 349 (2007).
• Defending the (Not Then) Indefensible: A Reply to Professor Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl, xvi Cornell J.50. & Pub. Pol'y 363 (2007).

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism

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